Home Again to Get Funding in Saint Augustine March 2018

Metropolis in Florida, Usa

St. Augustine San Agustín (Spanish)
City
City of Saint Augustine
Top, left to right: Castillo de San Marcos, St. Augustine Lite, Flagler College, Lightner Museum, statue most the Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine, St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park, Old St. Johns County Jail
Coat of arms
Nickname(due south): Ancient Metropolis, Sometime Metropolis
Location in St. Johns County and the U.S. state of Florida
St. Augustine Location in the United states
Coordinates: 29°53′41″Due north 81°eighteen′52″West  /  29.89472°N 81.31444°W  / 29.89472; -81.31444 Coordinates: 29°53′41″N 81°eighteen′52″W  /  29.89472°Due north 81.31444°West  / 29.89472; -81.31444 [1]
Country	U.s.a.
State	Florida
County	St. Johns
Established	September viii, 1565; 456 years agone  (1565-09-08)
Founded by	Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
Named for	Saint Augustine of Hippo
Authorities
• Blazon	Urban center committee government
• Mayor	Tracy Upchurch (R)
Area [2]
• City	12.85 sq mi (33.29 km2)
• Land	9.52 sq mi (24.66 km2)
• H2o	3.33 sq mi (eight.63 km2)
Pinnacle [iii]	0 ft (0 m)
Population (2020)
• Urban center	14,329
• Density	1,504.99/sq mi (581.05/kmtwo)
• Urban	69,173 (U.s.a.: 399th)
Time zone	UTC−5 (EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4 (EDT)
Aught code(south)	32080, 32084, 32085, 32086, 32095, 32082, 32092
Area code(s)	904
FIPS code	12-62500[4]
GNIS feature ID	0308101[iii]
Website	Urban center of St. Augustine

St. Augustine ( Castilian: San Agustín) is a city in the Southeastern U.s., on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. Founded in 1565 by Castilian explorers, it is the oldest continuously-inhabited European-established settlement in what is now the face-to-face United states of america.

St. Augustine was founded on September 8, 1565, past Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Florida'south first governor. He named the settlement "San Agustín", as his ships bearing settlers, troops, and supplies from Espana had first sighted state in Florida eleven days earlier on August 28, the feast twenty-four hour period of St. Augustine.^[five] The city served equally the capital of Castilian Florida for over 200 years. It was designated as the capital letter of British East Florida when the colony was established in 1763; Great Britain returned Florida to Kingdom of spain in 1783.

Kingdom of spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819, and St. Augustine was designated the capital of the Florida Territory upon ratification of the Adams–Onís Treaty in 1821. The Florida National Guard fabricated the city its headquarters that same twelvemonth. The territorial government moved and made Tallahassee the capital of Florida in 1824.

The canton seat of St. Johns County, St. Augustine is function of Florida's Kickoff Declension region and the Jacksonville metropolitan area. Since the late 19th century, St. Augustine's distinctive historical character has made the city a tourist attraction.

History [edit]

St. Augustine in 1891 from the former San Marco Hotel, Spanish St. on left, Huguenot Cemetery lower left corner, Cordova St. on right

Founding past Pedro Menéndez de Avilés [edit]

Founded in 1565 by the Castilian conquistador Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in the contiguous United States.^{[half dozen] [7]} Information technology is the second-oldest continuously inhabited city of European origin in United States territory after San Juan, Puerto Rico (founded in 1521).^[viii] In 1560, King Philip II of Spain appointed Menéndez equally Helm General, and his blood brother Bartolomé Menéndez equally Admiral, of the Fleet of the Indies.^[9] Thus Pedro Menéndez allowable the galleons of the smashing Fleet de la Carrera, or Spanish Treasure Fleet, on their voyage from the Caribbean and Mexico to Spain, and determined the routes they followed.

In early on 1564 he asked permission to go to Florida to search for La Concepcion, the galeon Capitana, or flagship, of the New Espana fleet allowable by his son, Admiral Juan Menéndez. The ship had been lost in September 1563 when a hurricane scattered the armada as it was returning to Kingdom of spain, at the breadth of Bermuda off the coast of South Carolina.^[ten] The crown repeatedly refused his request.

In 1565, however, the Spanish decided to destroy the French outpost of Fort Caroline, located in what is at present Jacksonville. The crown approached Menéndez to fit out an expedition to Florida^[11] on the condition that he explore and settle the region as Rex Philip'southward adelantado, and eliminate the Huguenot French,^[12] whom the Cosmic Castilian considered to exist dangerous heretics.^[13]

Menéndez was in a race to attain Florida before the French captain Jean Ribault,^[14] who was on a mission to secure Fort Caroline. On August 28, 1565, the feast day of St. Augustine of Hippo, Menéndez's crew finally sighted land; the Spaniards connected sailing north along the coast from their landfall, investigating every inlet and plume of smoke along the shore. On September 4, they encountered four French vessels anchored at the mouth of a large river (the St. Johns), including Ribault'due south flagship, La Trinité. The two fleets met in a cursory skirmish, just it was not decisive. Menéndez sailed southward and landed again on September 8, formally declared possession of the land in the name of Philip Two, and officially founded the settlement he named San Agustín (Saint Augustine).^{[15] [sixteen]} At the landing spot, Father Francisco López de Mendoza Grajales celebrated the kickoff Catholic mass offered in the colony.^{[17] [18] [19]} The settlement was built in the erstwhile Timucua village of Seloy; this site was chosen for its strategic location facing the waterways of St. Augustine bay with their abundant resource, an eminently suitable site for water communications and defense force.^[xx]

A French attack on St. Augustine was thwarted by a tearing squall that ravaged the French naval forces. Taking advantage of this, Menéndez marched his troops overland to Fort Caroline on the St. Johns River, about 30 miles (50 km) north. The Spanish easily overwhelmed the lightly defended French garrison, which had been left with simply a skeleton coiffure of 20 soldiers and about 100 others, killing most of the men and sparing about lx women and children. The bodies of the victims were hung in copse with the inscription: "Hanged, not as Frenchmen, but as "Lutherans" (heretics)."^{[21] [22]} Menéndez renamed the fort San Mateo and marched back to St. Augustine, where he discovered that the shipwrecked survivors from the French ships had come up ashore to the south of the settlement. A Spanish patrol encountered the remnants of the French forcefulness, and took them prisoner. Menéndez accustomed their surrender, but then executed all of them except a few professing Catholics and some Protestant workers with useful skills, at what is now known as Matanzas Inlet (Matanzas is Spanish for "slaughters").^[23] The site is very most the national monument Fort Matanzas, congenital in 1740–1742 past the Spanish.

Invasions past pirates and enemies of Espana [edit]

Succeeding governors of the province maintained a peaceful coexistence with the local Native Americans, allowing the isolated outpost of St. Augustine some stability for a few years. On May 28 and 29, 1586, before long after the Anglo-Castilian State of war began betwixt England and Espana, the English privateer Sir Francis Drake sacked and burned St. Augustine.^[24] The approach of his big armada obliged Governor Pedro Menéndez Márquez and the townspeople to evacuate the settlement. When the English got ashore, they seized some artillery pieces and a royal strongbox containing gold ducats (which was the garrison payroll).^[25] The killing of their sergeant major by the Spanish rearguard acquired Drake to order the boondocks razed to the ground.^{[26] [27]}

In 1609 and 1611, expeditions were sent out from St. Augustine against the English language colony at Jamestown.^[28] In the second half of the 17th century, groups of Indians from the colony of Carolina conducted raids into Florida and killed the Franciscan priests who served at the Cosmic missions. Requests by successive governors of the province to strengthen the presidio's garrison and fortifications were ignored past the Spanish Crown which had other priorities in its vast empire. The lease of 1663 for the new Province of Carolina, issued by King Charles Ii of England, was revised in 1665, claiming lands as far southward every bit 29 degrees north latitude, about 65 miles south of the existing settlement at St. Augustine.^{[29] [xxx]}

The English buccaneer Robert Searle sacked St. Augustine in 1668, later on capturing some Spanish supply vessels jump for the settlement and property their crews at gun betoken while his men hid below decks. Searle was retaliating for the Castilian destruction of the settlement of New Providence in the Commonwealth of the bahamas. Searle and his men killed sixty people and pillaged public storehouses, churches and houses.^[31] This raid and the establishment of the English language settlement at Charles Town spurred the Castilian Crown to finally acknowledge the vulnerability of St. Augustine to foreign incursions and strengthen the city's defenses. In 1669, Queen Regent Mariana ordered the Viceroy of New Spain to disburse funds for the structure of a permanent masonry fortress, which began in 1672.^[32] Before the fortress was completed, French buccaneers Michel de Grammont and Nicolas Brigaut planned an ill-blighted attack in 1686 which was foiled: their ships were run aground, Grammont and his crew were lost at sea, and Brigaut was captured aground by Spanish soldiers.^[33] The Castillo de San Marcos was completed in 1695, not long before an assail by James Moore'due south forces from Carolina in Nov, 1702. Failing to capture the fort subsequently a siege of 58 days, the British set St. Augustine ablaze equally they retreated.^[34]

In 1738, the governor of Spanish Florida, Manuel de Montiano, ordered a settlement be constructed 2 miles north of St. Augustine for the growing Free Black community established by fugitive slaves who had escaped into Florida from the 13 Colonies. This new community, Fort Mose, would serve as a military outpost and buffer for St. Augustine, as the men accepted into Fort Mose had enlisted in the colonial militia and converted to Catholicism in exchange for their freedom.^{[35] [36]}

In 1740, notwithstanding, St. Augustine was again besieged, this fourth dimension by the governor of the British colony of Georgia, General James Oglethorpe, who was also unable to take the fort.^[37]

Loyalist haven nether British rule [edit]

The 1763 Treaty of Paris, signed later on Bang-up Britain's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War, ceded Florida to United kingdom in exchange for the render of Havana and Manila. The vast bulk of Spanish colonists in the region left Florida for Cuba, Florida became Great Britain's fourteenth and fifteenth N American colonies, and considering of the political sympathies of its British inhabitants, St. Augustine became a Loyalist haven during the American Revolutionary State of war.^[38]

After the mass exodus of St. Augustinians, U.k. sought to repopulate its new colony. The London Board of Trade advertised xx,000-acre lots to any group that would settle in Florida inside ten years, with one resident per 100 acres. Pioneers who were "energetic and of good character" were given 100 acres of land and 50 additional acres for each family fellow member they brought. Under Governor James Grant, most 3 one thousand thousand acres of state were granted in E Florida solitary. Second stories were added to existing Spanish homes and new houses were built. Cattle ranching and plantation agronomics began to thrive.^[39]

During the twenty-year period of British rule, Britain took control of both the Castillo de San Marcos (renamed Fort St. Marker) and of Fort Matanzas. They permanently stationed a small group of men at Fort Matanzas. Once state of war bankrupt out, loyalist St. Augustine residents burned effigies of Patriots Samuel Adams and John Hancock in the plaza. Fort St. Mark became a preparation and supply base of operations, likewise a prisoner-of-war campsite where iii signers of the Declaration of Independence and South Carolina's lieutenant governor Christopher Gadsden were held. Local militia composed of Florida, Georgia, and Carolina inhabitants formed the East Florida Rangers in 1776 and were reorganized to form the King's Rangers in 1779.^[39] Spanish Full general Bernardo de Gálvez, harassed the British in W Florida and captured Pensacola. Fears that the Spanish would and so move to capture St. Augustine, however, proved unfounded.^[40]

The 1783 Treaty of Paris, which recognized the independence of the Thirteen Colonies as the United States, ceded Florida back to Spain and returned the Bahamas to United kingdom. As a result, some of the boondocks's Spanish residents returned to St Augustine. Refugees from Dr. Andrew Turnbull's troubled colony in New Smyrna had fled to St. Augustine in 1777, fabricated up the majority of the urban center's population during the catamenia of British dominion, and remained when the Castilian Crown took control again. This grouping was, and yet is, referred to locally as "Menorcans", even though it likewise included settlers from Italy, Corsica and the Greek islands.^{[41] [42]}

Second Castilian period [edit]

During the 2d Castilian period (1784–1821) of Florida, Spain was dealing with invasions of the Iberian peninsula by Napoleon's armies in the Peninsular War, and struggled to maintain a tenuous hold on its territories in the western hemisphere as revolution swept Due south America. The majestic administration of Florida was neglected, as the province had long been regarded as an unprofitable backwater by the Crown. The U.s.a., nevertheless, considered Florida vital to its political and military interests as it expanded its territory in Due north America, and maneuvered by sometimes clandestine means to acquire it.^[43] The Adams–Onís Treaty, negotiated in 1819 and ratified in 1821, ceded Florida and St. Augustine, however its capital at the time, to the United States.^[44]

Territory of Florida [edit]

According to the Adams–Onís Treaty, the United States acquired Due east Florida and absolved Spain of $five 1000000 of debt. Spain renounced all claims to West Florida and the Oregon State. Andrew Jackson returned to Florida in 1821, upon ratification of the treaty, and established a new territorial government. Americans from older plantation societies of Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas began to move to the area. West Florida was speedily consolidated with East and the new upper-case letter of Florida became Tallahassee, halfway between the former capitals of St. Augustine and Pensacola, in 1824.^[45]

One time many Americans had begun to emigrate to the new territory, it became credible that in that location would be connected skirmishes with local Creek and Miccosukee peoples and white settlers encroaching on their land. The United States government favored removal policies, but local indigenous groups in Florida refused to leave without fighting. The nineteenth century saw 3 Seminole Wars. In 1823, territorial governor William Duval and James Gadsden signed the Treaty of Moultrie Creek, forcing Seminoles onto a four one thousand thousand acre reservation in central Florida. The Second Seminole War (1835–1842) was the longest war of Indian removal and resulted when the United States authorities attempted to move the Seminole people from Central Florida to a Creek reservation west of the Mississippi River. As a event of the Seminole War, Seminole prisoners were held captive in the Castillo de San Marcos, renamed Fort Marion after General Francis Marion, who fought in the American Revolution, in the 1830s.^[45]

Past 1840, the territory's population had reached 54,477 people. One-half the population were enslaved Africans. Steamboats were popular on the Apalachicola and St. Johns River and there were several plans for railroad structure. The territory south of present-day Gainesville was sparsely populated past whites.^[45]

In 1845 the Florida Territory was admitted into the Marriage as the Country of Florida.^[46]

Civil War [edit]

Florida joined the Confederacy after the Civil War began in 1861, and Amalgamated authorities remained in control of St. Augustine for xiv months, although information technology was barely defended. The Wedlock conducted a blockade of shipping. In 1862 Marriage troops gained command of St. Augustine and controlled information technology through the rest of the war. With the economic system already suffering, many residents fled.^{[47] [48]}

Henry Flagler and the railroad [edit]

Henry Flagler, a co-founder with John D. Rockefeller of the Standard Oil Company, spent the winter of 1883 in St. Augustine and found the urban center charming, only considered its hotels and transportation systems inadequate.^[49] He had the idea to brand St. Augustine a winter resort for wealthy Americans from the north, and to bring them south he bought several short line railroads and combined these in 1885 to form the Florida Eastward Coast Railway. He built a railroad bridge over the St. Johns River in 1888, opening up the Atlantic declension of Florida to development.^{[50] [51]}

Flagler finished structure in 1887 on 2 large ornate hotels in the city, the 450-room Hotel Ponce de Leon and the 250-room Hotel Alcazar. The next year, he purchased the Casa Monica Hotel (renaming it the Cordova Hotel) across the street from both the Alcazar and the Ponce de Leon. His chosen architectural business firm, Carrère and Hastings, radically altered the appearance of St. Augustine with these hotels, giving information technology a skyline and beginning an architectural trend in the state characterized by the utilise of the Spanish Renaissance Revival and Moorish Revival styles. With the opening of the Ponce de Leon in 1888, St. Augustine became the wintertime resort of American loftier club for a few years.^[52]

When Flagler's Florida Due east Coast Railroad was extended due south to Palm Beach then Miami in the early 20th century, the wealthy stopped in St. Augustine en road to the southern resorts. Wealthy vacationers began to customarily spend their winters in Due south Florida, where the climate was warmer and freezes were rare. St. Augustine nonetheless all the same attracted tourists, and somewhen became a destination for families traveling in automobiles every bit new highways were congenital and Americans took to the road for annual summer vacations. The tourist industry shortly became the dominant sector of the local economy.^[53]

Civil Rights Movement [edit]

In late 1963, nearly a decade after the Supreme Court ruling in Brownish v. Board of Pedagogy that segregation of schools was unconstitutional, African Americans were still trying to get St. Augustine to integrate the public schools in the urban center. They were also trying to integrate public accommodations, such as tiffin counters,^[54] and were met with arrests^[55] and Ku Klux Klan violence.^{[56] [57]} Local higher students held not-trigger-happy protests throughout the city, including sit down-ins at the local Woolworth's, sentinel lines, and marches through the downtown. These protests were often met with police violence. Homes of African Americans were firebombed,^[58] black leaders were assaulted and threatened with decease, and others were fired from their jobs.

In the spring of 1964, St. Augustine civil rights leader Robert Hayling^[59] asked the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and its leader Martin Luther Male monarch Jr. for help.^[60] From May until July 1964, King and Hayling, along with Andrew Young, organized marches, sit-ins, and other forms of peaceful protest in St. Augustine. Hundreds of black and white civil rights supporters were arrested,^[61] and the jails were filled to chapters.^[62] At the request of Hayling and King, white civil rights supporters from the North, including students, clergy, and well-known public figures, came to St. Augustine and were arrested together with Southern activists.^{[63] [64] [65]}

St. Augustine was the just place in Florida where King was arrested; his arrest at that place occurred on June 11, 1964, on the steps of the Monson Motor Lodge's restaurant. The demonstrations came to a climax when a group of black and white protesters jumped into the hotel's segregated swimming pool. In response to the protest, James Brock, the manager of the hotel and the president of the Florida Hotel & Motel Association, poured what he claimed to be muriatic acid into the pool to burn the protesters. Photographs of this, and of a policeman jumping into the pool to arrest the protesters, were broadcast effectually the world.

The Ku Klux Klan responded to these protests with violent attacks that were widely reported in national and international media.^[66] Popular revulsion against the Klan and police violence in St. Augustine generated national sympathy for the black protesters and became a key factor in Congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,^[67] leading eventually to passage of the Voting Rights Human activity of 1965,^[68] both of which provided federal enforcement of constitutional rights.

Modern St. Augustine [edit]

In 1965, St. Augustine celebrated the 400th anniversary of its founding,^[69] and jointly with the State of Florida, inaugurated a programme to restore office of the colonial city. The Historic St. Augustine Preservation Board was formed to reconstruct more thirty-half dozen buildings to their historical advent, which was completed within a few years. When the Land of Florida abolished the Board in 1997, the Metropolis of St. Augustine causeless control of the reconstructed buildings, every bit well as other celebrated properties including the Government Firm. In 2010, the city transferred command of the celebrated buildings to UF Celebrated St. Augustine, Inc., a directly support organization of the University of Florida.

In 2015, St. Augustine celebrated the 450th ceremony of its founding with a four-day long festival and a visit from Felipe Half-dozen of Spain and Queen Letizia of Spain.^[70]

On October 7, 2016 Hurricane Matthew caused widespread flooding in downtown St. Augustine.^[71]

Geography and climate [edit]

View of St. Augustine from the top of the lighthouse on Anastasia Island

St. Augustine is located at 29°53′41″N 81°18′52″W  /  29.89472°North 81.31444°W  / 29.89472; -81.31444 (29.8946910, −81.3145170). According to the U.s.a. Census Agency, the city has a full area of 10.7 square miles (27.8 kmⁱⁱ), 8.4 square miles (21.seven km²) of which is land and 2.4 foursquare miles (6.1 kmⁱⁱ) (21.99%) is water. Access to the Atlantic Ocean is via the St. Augustine Inlet of the Matanzas River.

St. Augustine has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) typical of the Gulf and South Atlantic states. The low latitude and coastal location give the metropolis a mostly warm and sunny climate. Different much of the contiguous United States, St. Augustine's driest time of twelvemonth is winter. The hot and wet flavour extends from May through October, while the absurd and dry season extends November through April.

In summer, highs are in the 80s to 90s and lows are in the 70s. The Bermuda High pumps in hot and unstable tropical air from the Bahamas and Gulf of Mexico, which help create the daily thundershowers that are typical in summer months. Intense but very brief downpours are common in summer in the city. Autumn and jump are warm and sunny with highs from 74 °F to 87 °F and lows in the 50s to 70s.

In winter, St. Augustine has generally mild and sunny weather typical of the Florida peninsula. The coolest months are from December through February, with highs from 67 °F to 70 °F and lows from 47 °F to 51 °F. From November through April, St. Augustine oftentimes has long periods of rainless weather. April can see most drought atmospheric condition with brush fires and water restrictions in place. St. Augustine averages iv.6 frosts per year. The record low of x °F (−12 °C) happened on January 21, 1985. Hurricanes occasionally affect the region; notwithstanding, like most areas prone to such storms, St. Augustine rarely suffers a direct hitting by a major hurricane. The last direct hit by a major hurricane to the metropolis was Hurricane Dora in 1964. Extensive flooding occurred in the downtown area of St. Augustine when Hurricane Matthew passed east of the city in Oct 2016.^[72]

Climate data for St. Augustine, Florida (St. Augustine Light), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1973–2016
Month	January	February	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	November	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	86 (xxx)	87 (31)	93 (34)	95 (35)	98 (37)	101 (38)	103 (39)	101 (38)	99 (37)	94 (34)	89 (32)	86 (thirty)	103 (39)
Boilerplate high °F (°C)	67.5 (xix.7)	69.7 (xx.9)	74.4 (23.half-dozen)	79.8 (26.6)	85.1 (29.v)	88.half-dozen (31.4)	91.0 (32.8)	89.ix (32.2)	87.iv (30.viii)	81.8 (27.seven)	74.9 (23.8)	68.9 (20.five)	79.9 (26.vi)
Daily mean °F (°C)	57.vi (14.ii)	lx.0 (fifteen.6)	64.5 (18.1)	70.2 (21.ii)	76.3 (24.6)	eighty.four (26.9)	82.4 (28.0)	82.i (27.8)	80.3 (26.8)	74.2 (23.iv)	66.ii (xix.0)	60.1 (fifteen.6)	71.2 (21.8)
Average low °F (°C)	47.8 (8.8)	50.2 (10.i)	54.6 (12.6)	60.half-dozen (fifteen.9)	67.4 (19.seven)	72.3 (22.4)	73.8 (23.2)	74.two (23.four)	73.1 (22.8)	66.five (19.2)	57.5 (14.two)	51.3 (10.seven)	62.4 (16.ix)
Record low °F (°C)	10 (−12)	21 (−6)	23 (−5)	34 (1)	41 (five)	52 (11)	59 (15)	61 (16)	54 (12)	36 (2)	29 (−2)	16 (−9)	10 (−12)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	2.74 (70)	two.69 (68)	3.43 (87)	2.93 (74)	3.66 (93)	6.27 (159)	4.88 (124)	seven.18 (182)	7.18 (182)	four.37 (111)	2.32 (59)	2.99 (76)	50.64 (1,286)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	9.4	vii.viii	8.vi	6.8	seven.ii	12.3	11.6	xv.0	xiii.5	9.one	8.one	8.4	117.8
Source: NOAA[73] [74]

Demographics [edit]

Historical population
Census	Popular.		%±
1830	1,708		—
1840	2,450		43.4%
1850	i,934		−21.i%
1860	ane,914		−i.0%
1870	1,717		−ten.3%
1880	ii,293		33.5%
1890	4,742		106.8%
1900	four,272		−9.nine%
1910	5,494		28.half-dozen%
1920	6,192		12.vii%
1930	12,111		95.6%
1940	12,090		−0.two%
1950	thirteen,555		12.ane%
1960	xiv,734		8.7%
1970	12,352		−16.two%
1980	xi,985		−3.0%
1990	11,692		−2.4%
2000	11,592		−0.ix%
2010	12,975		11.9%
2020	14,329		10.4%
U.S. Decennial Demography[75]

As of the 2010 Us Census, there were 12,975 people, v,743 households, and 2,679 families residing in the metropolis. The population density was i,376.two people per square mile (531/kmⁱⁱ). In that location were 6,978 housing units at an boilerplate density of 549.4 per square mile (211.iv/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 84.two% white, 11.6% African American, 0.4% Native American, i.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.viii% from other races, and 1.half-dozen% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of whatsoever race were 5.1% of the population.

There were 5,743 households, out of which 14.6% had children under the age of eighteen living with them, 31.7% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.4% were non-families. 37.8% of all households were fabricated up of individuals, and 14.iv% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was two.03 and the average family size was 2.67.

In the metropolis, 13.1% of the population was nether the age of 18, fifteen.3% from xviii to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 25.two% from 45 to 64, and 19% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.6 years. For every 100 females, in that location were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.viii males.

The median income for a household in the city was $36,424, and the median income for a family unit was $56,055. Males had a median income of $32,409 versus $30,188 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,485. About 7.vi% of families and 21.1% of the population were beneath the poverty line, including 18.eight% of those nether age xviii and 24.4% of those historic period 65 or over.

The United States Demography Bureau's 2013 estimate of the urban center's population was thirteen,679, while the urban area had a population of 71,379 in 2012.^[76]

Government and politics [edit]

St. Augustine is the county seat of St. Johns County, Florida.^{[77] [78]}

The city of St. Augustine operates under a city commission government form with an elected mayor, vice mayor, and city commission. Additionally, the government includes a city director, city attorney, urban center clerk, and various city boards.^[79]

Transportation [edit]

Highways [edit]

Major roadways, St. Augustine and vicinity

Buses [edit]

Bus service is operated by the Sunshine Bus Visitor. Buses operate mainly between shopping centers beyond town, only a few go to Hastings and Jacksonville, where one can connect to JTA for additional service beyond Jacksonville.

Airport [edit]

St. Augustine has ane public airport 4 miles (6.4 km) north of the downtown. It has three runways and 2 seaplane lanes.^[80] There is currently no scheduled service to the Drome following ViaAir'south pause of service to Charlotte in 2018. Various private jets and tour helicopters also operate from the drome. Northrop Grumman runs a large manufacturing constitute on the grounds, where the E-2 Hawkeye is produced. Jacksonville International Airdrome is xl miles to the n forth I-95.

Points of involvement [edit]

Outset and 2nd Spanish eras [edit]

• Avero House
• Castillo de San Marcos National Monument
• Fort Matanzas National Monument
• Fort Mose Historic State Park
• Nombre de Dios
• Gonzalez-Alvarez House
• Fountain of Youth Archaeological Park
• The Spanish Military Hospital Museum
• St. Francis Barracks
• Colonial Quarter
• Ximenez-Fatio House
• González-Jones House
• Llambias Firm
• Oldest Wooden Schoolhouse
• Tolomato Cemetery and Huguenot Cemetery

British era [edit]

• The Male monarch's Bakery

Pre-Flagler era [edit]

• St. Augustine Lighthouse and Museum
• Markland Mansion

Flagler era [edit]

• Ponce de Leon Hotel
• Casa Monica Hotel
• Hotel Alcazar
• Zorayda Castle
• Bridge of Lions
• Old St. Johns County Jail
• Ripley'southward Believe information technology or Not! Museum located in 1887 mansion of William Worden.
• St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park

Celebrated churches [edit]

• Grace United Methodist Church
• Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine
• Memorial Presbyterian Church
• Trinity Church of St. Augustine

Lincolnville National Historic District – Civil Rights era [edit]

• St. Benedict the Moor Schoolhouse

Other points of involvement [edit]

• Anastasia State Park
• Florida School for the Deaf and Blind
• St. Augustine Amphitheatre
• St. Augustine Aquarium
• St. Augustine Pirate & Treasure Museum
• World Golf Hall of Fame
• Great Cross

Education [edit]

Ray Charles Eye and the Theodore Johnson Centre, at the Florida Schoolhouse for the Deaf and Blind

Primary and secondary education in St. Augustine is overseen by the St. Johns County School Commune. There are no canton high schools located inside St. Augustine's current metropolis limits, only St. Augustine Loftier Schoolhouse, Pedro Menendez High School, and St. Johns Technical High Schoolhouse are located in the vicinity. The Florida School for the Deaf and Bullheaded, a state-operated boarding school for deaf and blind students, was founded in the city in 1885.^[81] The Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine operates the St. Joseph Academy, Florida'southward oldest Catholic high school, to the west of the urban center.^[82]

There are several institutions of higher educational activity in and around St. Augustine. Flagler Higher is a four-twelvemonth liberal arts college founded in 1968. It is located in the former Ponce de Leon Hotel in downtown St. Augustine.^[83] St. Johns River State Higher, a state college in the Florida Higher Organisation, has its St. Augustine campus but westward of the city. Also in the area are the University of N Florida, Jacksonville Academy, and Florida Country College at Jacksonville in Jacksonville.^[84]

The institution at present known as Florida Memorial University was located in St. Augustine from 1918 to 1968, when information technology relocated to its nowadays campus in Miami. Originally known as Florida Baptist Academy, then Florida Normal, and then Florida Memorial College, it was a historically black institution and had a wide impact on St. Augustine while information technology was located in that location. During World War Ii it was called as the site for training the first blacks in the U. South. Signal Corps. Among its kinesthesia members was Zora Neale Hurston; a historic marking is placed at the house where she lived while teaching at Florida Memorial^[85] (and where she wrote her autobiography Grit Tracks on a Road.)^{[86] [87]}

Notable people [edit]

• Andrew Anderson, physician, St. Augustine mayor
• Jorge Biassou, Haitian revolutionary and blackness Spanish general
• Richard Boone, actor
• James Branch Cabell, novelist
• Doug Carn, jazz musician
• Ray Charles, pianist, singer, composer
• George J. F. Clarke, Surveyor General of Spanish East Florida
• Nicholas de Concepcion, escaped slave who became a Spanish privateer and pirate captain
• Earl Cunningham, artist
• Alexander Darnes, born a slave, became a well-known physician
• Edmund Jackson Davis, governor of Texas
• Frederick Delius, composer
• Henry Flagler, industrialist
• Michael Gannon, historian
• William H. Gray, U.Due south. congressman and president of the United Negro Higher Fund
• Martin Davis Hardin, Union General in the Ceremonious State of war
• Robert Hayling, civil rights leader
• Martin Johnson Heade, artist
• Zora Neale Hurston, novelist and folklorist
• Stetson Kennedy, author and homo rights activist
• Scott Lagasse Jr., race auto driver
• Jacob Lawrence, artist
• William W. Loring, Confederate general
• Albert Manucy, historian, author, Fulbright Scholar
• Howell Due west. Melton, United States district judge
• Prince Achille Murat, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
• David Nolan, author and historian
• Osceola, Seminole War leader (held prisoner at Fort Marion, now Castillo de San Marcos)
• Verle A. Pope, state legislator
• Richard Henry Pratt, soldier and educator
• Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, novelist
• Marcus Roberts, musician
• Run a risk Rogers, folk vocalizer
• John M. Schofield, Union general
• Edmund Kirby Smith, Confederate general
• Steve Spurrier, college/pro (American) football coach
• Felix Varela, Cuban national hero
• Augustin Verot, get-go Bishop of St. Augustine
• DeWitt Webb, medico, St. Augustine mayor, country representative
• David Levy Yulee, first Jewish U.S. Senator, Levy County and Yulee, Florida namesake

Sister cities [edit]

St. Augustine'southward sister cities are:^[88]

Gallery [edit]

• 

• 

  North bastions and wall of the Castillo, looking eastward toward Anastasia Island

• 

  Seawall south of the Castillo

• 

  The city gates of St. Augustine, built in 1808, function of the much older Cubo Line

• 

  The Regime Firm. East wing of the building dates to the 18th-century structure built on original site of the colonial governor's residence.^[89]

• 

• 

• 

  Span of Lions, looking eastward to Anastasia Island

• 

  Tolomato Cemetery

Run across also [edit]

• Gálveztown (brig sloop) – transport which played a role in the Gulf Coast campaign of the American Revolutionary State of war under Bernardo de Gálvez, and its replica built recently in Spain anticipating the 450th anniversary of St. Augustine's founding (1565–2015).
• St. Augustine move

References [edit]

1. ^ "GNIS Item – Saint Augustine". geonames.usgs.gov. Geographic Names Information Arrangement. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23 .
2. ^ "2020 U.Due south. Gazetteer Files". Us Demography Bureau. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
3. ^ ^{a b} "US Lath on Geographic Names". geonames.usgs.gov. United states Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
4. ^ "U.S. Census website". census.gov. United States Demography Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
5. ^ Hennesey, James J. (x December 1981). American Catholics: A History of the Roman Cosmic Community in the United States: A History of the Roman Cosmic Community in the United States. New York: Oxford Academy Press. p. 11. ISBN978-0-19-802036-iii. Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
6. ^ "Florida: St. Augustine Boondocks Plan Historic District". nps.gov. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2015-04-thirty. Retrieved 2015-05-27 .
7. ^ "Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Hither First". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 2019-11-05. Retrieved 2019-11-05 .
8. ^ Thompson, Linda (30 May 2014). Exploring The Territories of the United States. Britannica Digital Learning. p. 34. ISBN978-1-62513-185-0.
9. ^ Lowery, Woodbury (1911). The Castilian settlements within the present limits of the United States: Florida, 1562-1574. G.P. Putnam. p. 144.
10. ^ Turner, Sam (18 July 2015). "Menéndez anguishes in prison equally son is lost at sea". Tallahassee Democrat. USA Today Network. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
11. ^ Pickett Pickett 2011, p.84
12. ^ Lowery 1911, p.100
13. ^ Lowery 1911, p.105
14. ^ Lyon, Eugene (1991). "Pedro Menéndez de Avilés". In Mormino, Gary (ed.). Spanish Pathways in Florida: 1492-1992/Los Caminos Espanoles En LA Florida 1492-1992 (in English language and Spanish). Ann L Henderson (1st ed.). Pineapple Printing Inc. p. 100. ISBN978-1-56164-003-4 . Retrieved 20 Nov 2012.
15. ^ Eugene Lyon (May 1983). The Enterprise of Florida: Pedro Menendez de Aviles and the Spanish Conquest Of, 1565-1568. Academy Press of Florida. pp. 112–115. ISBN978-0-8130-0777-ix.
16. ^ William S. Coker (1993). "The Missions of Florida, 1513-1763". The Spanish Missionary Heritage of the The states: Selected Papers and Commentaries from the Nov 1990 Quincentenary Symposium. United States Department of the Interior|National Park Service. p. 26.
17. ^ Verne Elmo Chatelain (1941). The Defenses of Spanish Florida, 1565 to 1763. Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. 41.
18. ^ Amy Turner Bushnell (1987). Situado and Sabana: Spain'southward Support System for the Presidio and Mission Provinces of Florida. Academy of Georgia Press. p. 37. ISBN978-0-8203-1712-0.
19. ^ Buescher, John B. (xiii May 2014). "America's First Mass". Catholicworldreport.com. Catholic World Written report. Archived from the original on fourteen December 2019. Retrieved ten Baronial 2020.
20. ^ Deagan, Kathleen (2008). Historical Archaeology at the Fountain of Youth Park Site (PDF). pp. 1, iii, xi. The site faces the confluence of the erstwhile St. Augustine inlet, the archway to the Matanzas River to the south and the archway to the Tolomato (or Northward River) to the northward. Such a position offered not only a series of rich ecotones, only also an excellent site for water travel, communication and defence force.
21. ^ René Goulaine de Laudonnière (1853). L'histoire notable de la Floride: situèe es Indes Occidentales. P. Jannet. pp. 218–219. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
22. ^ Francois Marie Arouet Voltaire (1773). Essais sur les Moeurs et l'esprit des Nations. p. 75.
23. ^ Henderson, Richard R.; U.s.a.. National Park Service (March 1989). A Preliminary inventory of Castilian colonial resources associated with National Park Service units and national historic landmarks, 1987. United States Commission, International Council on Monuments and Sites, for the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service. p. 87. ISBN9780911697032 . Retrieved 20 November 2012.
24. ^ Tucker, Spencer (21 Nov 2012). Annual of American Armed services History. ABC-CLIO. p. 54. ISBN978-1-59884-530-3. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 6 Oct 2016.
25. ^ Sugden, John (24 April 2012). Sir Francis Drake. Random House. p. 198. ISBN978-one-4481-2950-8. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
26. ^ Konstam, Angus (xx December 2011). The Great Expedition: Sir Francis Drake on the Spanish Principal 1585–86. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 109. ISBN978-one-78096-233-7. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved half dozen October 2016.
27. ^ Raab, James Due west. (5 November 2007). Spain, Britain and the American Revolution in Florida, 1763–1783. McFarland. p. ix. ISBN978-0-7864-3213-4. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved half-dozen Oct 2016.
28. ^ Gallay, Alan (xi June 2015). Colonial Wars of N America, 1512–1763 (Routledge Revivals): An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 326. ISBN978-ane-317-48718-0. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
29. ^ "Charter of Carolina – March 24, 1663". avalon.law.yale.edu. Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law Schoolhouse. 2008. Archived from the original on February seven, 2009. Retrieved ten February 2016.
30. ^ Edgar, Walter B. (1998). South Carolina: A History. Univ of South Carolina Printing. p. one. ISBN978-one-57003-255-4. Archived from the original on 2017-02-26. Retrieved 2016-10-06 .
31. ^ Latimer, Jon (1 June 2009). Buccaneers of the Caribbean: How Piracy Forged an Empire. Harvard Academy Press. p. 198. ISBN978-0-674-03403-7. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved vi October 2016.
32. ^ Raab, James W. (5 Nov 2007). Spain, Uk and the American Revolution in Florida, 1763–1783. McFarland. pp. 10–11. ISBN978-0-7864-3213-4. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
33. ^ Marley, David (2010). Pirates of the Americas. Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN9781598842012 . Retrieved 12 September 2017.
34. ^ Edgar, Walter B. (1998). South Carolina: A History. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 93. ISBN978-i-57003-255-4. Archived from the original on 2017-02-27. Retrieved 2016-ten-06 .
35. ^ "Fort Mose". Florida Museum. 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2021-05-21 .
36. ^ Landers, Jane. "What Cosmic Church records tell u.s. about America's earliest blackness history". The Conversation . Retrieved 2021-05-21 .
37. ^ Baine, Rodney E. (2000). "General James Oglethorpe and the Expedition Against St. Augustine". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. Georgia Historical Club. 84 (2 Summer): 198. JSTOR 40584271.
38. ^ Griffin, Patricia C. (1991). Mullet on the Beach: The Minorcans of Florida, 1768–1788. St. Augustine Historical Society. p. 108. ISBN978-0-8130-1074-8. Archived from the original on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2016-10-06 .
39. ^ ^{a b} Augustine (2018). "The British Menses (1763–1784): Castillo de San Marcos National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-06-16. Retrieved 2019-06-18 .
40. ^ Augustine, Mailing Address: 8635 A1A South Saint; United states of america, FL 32080 Phone:471-0116 Contact. "The British Period (1763–1784) – Fort Matanzas National Monument (U.Southward. National Park Service)". world wide web.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-10-06. Retrieved 2019-06-18 .
41. ^ Landers, Jane 1000. (2000). Colonial Plantations and Economy in Florida. Academy Press of Florida. pp. 41–42. ISBN978-0-8130-1772-3. Archived from the original on 2016-07-31. Retrieved 2016-10-06 .
42. ^ Griffin, Patricia C. (1991). Mullet on the Beach: The Menorcans of Florida, 1768–1788. St. Augustine Historical Society. pp. 14–21. ISBN978-0-8130-1074-eight.
43. ^ Writers' Program (Fla.) (1940). Seeing Fernandina: A Guide to the City and Its Industries. Fernandina News Publishing Company. p. 23. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
44. ^ Crutchfield, James A.; Moutlon, Candy; Terry Del Bene (26 March 2015). The Settlement of America: An Encyclopedia of Due west Expansion from Jamestown to the Closing of the Frontier. Routledge. p. 51. ISBN978-one-317-45461-8. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved half-dozen October 2016.
45. ^ ^{a b c} "Territorial Period – Florida Department of Country". dos.myflorida.com. Archived from the original on 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2019-06-18 .
46. ^ Stathis, Stephen W. (ii January 2014). Landmark Legislation 1774–2012: Major U.S. Acts and Treaties. SAGE Publications. p. 78. ISBN978-1-4522-9229-viii. Archived from the original on 26 Feb 2017. Retrieved half-dozen October 2016.
47. ^ Mattick, Barbara E. (2003). "The Catholic Nuns of St. Augustine (1859–1869)". In Clayton, Bruce; Salmond, John A. (eds.). Lives Full of Struggle and Triumph: Southern Women, Their Institutions, and Their Communities. University Printing of Florida. p. 117. ISBN978-0-8130-3117-0. Archived from the original on 2017-02-27. Retrieved 2016-ten-06 .
48. ^ Taylor, Paul (2001). Discovering the Civil State of war in Florida: A Reader and Guide. Pineapple Press Inc. p. 127. ISBN978-1-56164-235-9. Archived from the original on 2016-07-31. Retrieved 2016-10-06 .
49. ^ Sidney Walter Martin (1 February 2010). Florida'southward Flagler. University of Georgia Printing. p. 130. ISBN978-0-8203-3488-2. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved six Oct 2016.
50. ^ Cox, Jim (24 February 2016). Rails Across Dixie: A History of Passenger Trains in the American South. McFarland. p. 85. ISBN978-0-7864-6175-2. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
51. ^ Manley, Walter West.; Chocolate-brown, Eastward. Amble; Rise, Eric W.; Florida Supreme Courtroom Historical Guild (1997). The Supreme Court of Florida and Its Predecessor Courts, 1821–1917. Academy Press of Florida. p. 263. ISBN978-0-8130-1540-eight. Archived from the original on 2017-02-26. Retrieved 2016-10-06 .
52. ^ Sidney Walter Martin (i February 2010). Florida'due south Flagler. University of Georgia Press. pp. 117–118. ISBN978-0-8203-3488-ii. Archived from the original on 27 Feb 2017. Retrieved six Oct 2016.
53. ^ Tourism U.s.a.: Guidelines for Tourism Development : Appraising Tourism Potential, Planning for Tourism, Assessing Product and Market place, Marketing Tourism, Visitor Services, Sources of Assistance. The University of Missouri. 1991. p. 87. Archived from the original on 2017-02-26. Retrieved 2016-07-07 .
54. ^ Bullock, Charles S. III; Rozell, Mark J. (xv March 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Southern Politics. Oxford Academy Press. p. 160. ISBN978-0-19-538194-eight. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
55. ^ The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc. (1963). "The Crisis". The New Crunch. The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.: 412. ISSN 0011-1422. Archived from the original on 2016-07-31. Retrieved 2017-08-12 .
56. ^ Ramdin, Ron (2004). Martin Luther King, Jr. Haus Publishing. p. 88. ISBN978-ane-904341-82-6. Archived from the original on 2016-07-31. Retrieved 2017-08-12 .
57. ^ Jackson, Thomas F. (17 July 2013). From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economical Justice. University of Pennsylvania Printing. p. 190. ISBN978-0-8122-0000-3. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
58. ^ "FBI Report of 1964-02-08". OCLC. Federal Bureau of Investigation. p. three. Archived from the original on July vi, 2008. (redacted) St. Augustine, Florida, advised that what appeared to be a Molotov cocktail was thrown at the dorsum of his house at the in a higher place address causing a serious burn.
59. ^ Kirk, John (6 June 2014). Martin Luther King Jr. Routledge. pp. 103–104. ISBN978-1-317-87650-2. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
60. ^ Webb, Clive (15 Baronial 2011). Rabble Rousers: The American Far Right in the Civil Rights Era. University of Georgia Press. p. 169. ISBN978-0-8203-4229-0. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
61. ^ Singleton, Dorothy Yard. (18 March 2014). Unsung Heroes of the Ceremonious Rights Move and Thereafter: Profiles of Lessons Learned. UPA. p. 28. ISBN978-0-7618-6319-9. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
62. ^ Goodwyn, Larry (January 1965). "Anarchy in St. Augustine". Harpers.org. Harper's Magazine. Archived from the original on April 21, 2015. Sheriff Davis was commencement to use harsh treatment against demonstrators who were in jail. He would herd both men and women into a barbed-wire pen in the 1000 in a 99-degree sun; he kept them there all twenty-four hour period. Water was bereft and there was no latrine. At dark the prisoners were crowded in minor cells without room to prevarication down.
63. ^ Vorspan, Albert; Saperstein, David (1998). Jewish Dimensions of Social Justice: Tough Moral Choices of Our Fourth dimension . UAHC Press. pp. 204–205. ISBN978-0-8074-0650-2 . Retrieved 2017-08-12 .
64. ^ Haynes, Stephen (eight November 2012). The Final Segregated Hour: The Memphis Kneel-Ins and the Entrada for Southern Church Desegregation. Oxford University Press. p. 44. ISBN978-0-19-539505-1. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
65. ^ Branch, Taylor (16 April 2007). Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963–65. Simon and Schuster. p. 606. ISBN978-1-4165-5870-5. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
66. ^ Curtis, Nancy C. (1 August 1998). Black Heritage Sites: The South. The New Press. p. 99. ISBN978-1-56584-433-9. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
67. ^ Pitre, Merline; Glasrud, Bruce A. (xx March 2013). Southern Black Women in the Modern Civil Rights Movement. Texas A&Chiliad University Press. p. 43. ISBN978-1-60344-999-1. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
68. ^ Goldfield, David (7 December 2006). Encyclopedia of American Urban History. SAGE Publications. p. 201. ISBN978-1-4522-6553-7. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
69. ^ History News. Vol. 20–21. American Clan for State and Local History. 1965. p. 208. Archived from the original on 2017-02-26. Retrieved 2016-07-07 .
70. ^ Gardner, Sheldon (July xvi, 2015). "Rex and queen of Spain to visit St. Augustine in September". The St. Augustine Record. Archived from the original on 2016-10-09. Retrieved eight October 2016.
71. ^ Martin, Jake (8 October 2016). "Hurricane Matthew: Surveying damage in St. Augustine the morning time afterwards". The St. Augustine Tape. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
72. ^ Braun, Michael (8 October 2016). "Hurricane Matthew floods St. Augustine embankment areas". (Fort Myers) News-Printing . Retrieved viii October 2016.
73. ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
74. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
75. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". demography.gov. Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
76. ^ "2012 Urbanized Area Population Estimates" (PDF). DOT.State.Fl.US. Florida Section of Transportation. Apr 1, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-04-13 .
77. ^ "St. Johns County questions Jacksonville branding proposal | Jax Daily Tape". Fiscal News & Daily Record - Jacksonville, Florida. November 6, 2018. Archived from the original on November five, 2019. Retrieved November five, 2019.
78. ^ "Detect a Canton". naco.org. National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-06-07 .
79. ^ "City Commission | St. Augustine, FL". www.citystaug.com . Retrieved 2021-03-19 .
80. ^ "SGJ – Northeast Florida Regional Airdrome – SkyVector". skyvector.com. Archived from the original on 2015-05-14. Retrieved 2014-06-17 .
81. ^ "Florida School for the Deaf and the Bullheaded". fsdb.k12.fl.the states. Archived from the original on 2007-04-03. Retrieved 2007-03-27 .
82. ^ "School is Tradition". The Florida Times-Spousal relationship/Shorelines. February xiii, 2003. Archived from the original on 2012-10-08. Retrieved May xviii, 2011.
83. ^ Reiss, Sarah W. (2009). Insiders' Guide to Jacksonville, tertiary Edition. Globe Pequot. p. 184. ISBN978-0-7627-5032-0 . Retrieved May ten, 2011.
84. ^ Reiss, Sarah W. (2009). Insiders' Guide to Jacksonville, 3rd Edition. Earth Pequot. pp. 184–187. ISBN978-0-7627-5032-0 . Retrieved May 18, 2011.
85. ^ Jolly, Margaretta (four Dec 2013). Encyclopedia of Life Writing: Autobiographical and Biographical Forms. Routledge. p. 450. ISBN978-1-136-78744-7. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
86. ^ Robert Wayne Croft (1 January 2002). A Zora Neale Hurston Companion . Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 37–38. ISBN978-0-313-30707-2 . Retrieved 27 October 2015.
87. ^ Bloom, Harold (1 January 2009). Zora Neale Hurston. Infobase Publishing. pp. 38–39. ISBN978-1-4381-1553-v. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
88. ^ "Sister Cities". citystaug.com. Metropolis of St. Augustine. Retrieved 2021-01-26 .
89. ^ Kornwolf, James D. (2002). Architecture and Boondocks Planning in Colonial Northward America. Johns Hopkins Academy Printing. p. 87. ISBN978-0-8018-5986-1.

Further reading [edit]

• Abbad y Lasierra, Iñigo, "Relación del descubrimiento, conquista y población de las provincias y costas de la Florida" – "Relación de La Florida" (1785); edición de Juan José Nieto Callén y José María Sánchez Molledo.
• Colburn, David, Racial Change and Community Crunch: St. Augustine, Florida, 1877–1980 (1985), New York: Columbia University Press.
• Corbett, Theodore G. (1974). "Migration to a Spanish Imperial Frontier in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: St. Augustine". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 54 (3): 414–430. doi:x.2307/2512931. JSTOR 2512931.
• Deagan, Kathleen, Fort Mose: Colonial America'south Blackness Fortress of Freedom (1995), Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
• Fairbanks, George R. (George Rainsford), History and antiquities of St. Augustine, Florida (1881), Jacksonville, Florida, H. Drew.
• Gannon, Michael V., The Cross in the Sand: The Early Cosmic Church building in Florida 1513–1870 (1965), Gainesville: Academy Presses of Florida.
• Goldstein, Holly Markovitz, "St. Augustine'south "Slave Market": A Visual History," Southern Spaces, 28 September 2012.
• Gordon, Elsbeth, Florida'south Colonial Architectural Heritage, University Printing of Florida, 2002; Heart and Soul of Florida: Sacred Sites and Historic Architecture, University Press of Florida, 2013
• Graham, Thomas, The Awakening of St. Augustine, (1978), St. Augustine Historical Social club
• Hanna, A. J., A Prince in Their Midst, (1946), Norman: Academy of Oklahoma Printing.
• Harvey, Karen, America's First City, (1992), Lake Buena Vista, Florida: Tailored Tours Publications.
• Harvey, Karen, St. Augustine Enters the Twenty-outset Century, (2010), Virginia Beach, VA: The Donning Company.
• Landers, Jane, Black Gild in Spanish Florida (1999), Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
• Lardner, Ring, Gullible's Travels, (1925), New York: Scribner's.
• Lyon, Eugene, The Enterprise of Florida, (1976), Gainesville: Academy Printing of Florida.
• Manucy, Albert, Menendez, (1983), St. Augustine Historical Society.
• Marley, David F. (2005), "United States: St. Augustine", Historic Cities of the Americas, vol. 2, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, p. 627+, ISBN978-i-57607-027-7
• McCarthy, Kevin (editor), The Volume Lover's Guide to Florida, (1992), Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press.
• Nolan, David, Fifty Feet in Paradise: The Booming of Florida, (1984), New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
• Nolan, David, The Houses of St. Augustine, (1995), Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press.
• Porter, Kenneth W., The Black Seminoles: History of a Freedom-Seeking People, (1996), Gainesville: Academy Press of Florida.
• Reynolds, Charles B. (Charles Bingham), Former Saint Augustine, a story of 3 centuries, (1893), St. Augustine, Florida E. H. Reynolds.
• Torchia, Robert Due west., Lost Colony: The Artists of St. Augustine, 1930–1950, (2001), St. Augustine: The Lightner Museum.
• Turner, Glennette Tilley, Fort Mose, (2010), New York: Abrams Books.
• United States Commission on Civil Rights, 1965. Law Enforcement: A Written report on Equal Protection in the South. Washington, D.C.: Government Press Function.
• Warren, Dan R., If Information technology Takes All Summer: Martin Luther King, the KKK, and States' Rights in St. Augustine, 1964, (2008), Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Printing.
• Waterbury, Jean Parker (editor), The Oldest City, (1983), St. Augustine Historical Guild.

External links [edit]

Government resources [edit]

• Urban center of St. Augustine Official Website
• St. Augustine Port, Waterway and Embankment District

Local news media [edit]

• The St. Augustine Record/staugustine.com, the urban center's daily print and online newspaper
• Historic City News, daily online news journal

halladaywounamed.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida

Share this post